Evidence about clinical management
The COVID-END inventory is no longer being updated. Below we provide the ‘best’ evidence syntheses currently available as of January 2024 (i.e., the highest quality, most regularly updated living evidence syntheses) about the clinical management of COVID-19. All other evidence syntheses can be found in the searchable COVID-END inventory of evidence syntheses, which is organized using the COVID-END taxonomy of decisions.
In identifying the ‘best’ syntheses, we relied primarily on the three ‘best’ evidence syntheses covering the safety and efficacy of all drug types (rather than syntheses covering single molecules):
- McMaster/Magic Evidence Ecosystem Foundation/BMJ (which maintains a living network meta-analysis about drug treatments, prophylaxis and antibodies and cellular therapies for COVID-19) – you can find the latest peer-reviewed publication in the BMJ for drug treatments, prophylaxis and antibody and cellular therapies, as well as its latest update on this website
- COVID-NMA (which provided living updates to meta-analyses at the level of individual molecules, however it is no longer being updated, although its last update remains online)
- Pan American Health Organization (which is the second of two groups providing frequent updates to meta-analyses at the level of individual molecules)
| Topic addressed | Criteria for 'best evidence synthesis' | Details to support relevance assessment | Additional decision-relevant details | Citation | ||||
| Date of last search | Quality (AMSTAR) rating | Evidence-certainty (e.g., GRADE) assessment available | Key findings | Living evidence synthesis | Type of synthesis | Type of question | ||
| Drugs to prevent COVID-19 | 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | See most updated version in this link https://www.covid19lnma.com/ | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. |
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | Among the 270 therapeutic options that have been studied in clinical trials, evidence shows that baricitinib, corticosteroids, molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab) and tocilizumab are the most promising alternatives that may have an effect on mortality and other clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients. In terms of prophylaxis, only REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab) and bamlanivimab have demonstrated a possible effect by reducing the incidence of symptomatic infection | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |
| Drugs and other treatments for COVID-19 | 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) has not yet been assessed. See most updated version in this link https://www.covid19lnma.com/
| Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. |
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | ||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | A summary of all drugs for hospitalized patients is available here https://www.covid-nma.com/summaryofresults/ | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Pharmacologic treatments for COVID-19 patients. 2021. | |
| Management of post-COVID conditions | 2021-09-25 | 8/11 | No | Whereas there is a wide range of physical and neuropsychiatric symptoms of long COVID, people with confirmed COVID-19 infection are more likely to experience symptoms after 12 weeks [Review of studies of mainly low or moderate quality with important heterogeneity among their findings] | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Other | Michelen M, Sigfrid L, Kartsonaki C, Shemilt I, Hastie C, O'Hara ME, Suett JC, Stelson EA, Bugaeva P, Dahmash D, Rigby I. Characterising Long Covid: a living systematic review update with controlled studies. medRxiv. 2022. |
| 2021-09-02 | 7/11 | No | An increasing number of rehabilitation research is being conducted to address post COVID-19 symptoms and sequelae, in response to an increased report of common post-COVID impairments; interventions that have show some potential to improve quality of life in patients with post-COVID-19 conditions are unsupervised 6-week home exercise program and low-intensity aerobic training [Review of studies of unknown quality] | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Rapid review | Other | de Sire A, Andrenelli E, Negrini, F Iannicelli V Lazzarini SG, Patrini M, Ceravolo MG; International Multiprofessional Steering Committee of Cochrane Rehabilitation REH-COVER action. Rehabilitation and COVID-19: update of the rapid living systematic review by Cochrane Rehabilitation Field as of August 31st, 2021. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2021. | |
| Managing pandemic-related health impacts | 2022-04-04 | 5/11 | No | Clinical staff working in high-exposure roles may report higher rates of anxiety and depression compared to low-exposure roles, and in both groups baseline rates of poor mental health are high [Review of studies of unknown quality conducted during COVID-19, Ebola, H1N1, MERS, and SARS outbreaks with important heterogeneity among their findings] Updates published online in this URL (https://osf.io/t5a96/) | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Rapid review | Other | Bell V & Wade D. Mental health of clinical staff working in high-risk epidemic and pandemic health emergencies a rapid review of the evidence and living meta-analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2020. |
| 2021-04-27 | 7/11 | No | Global variations of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and burden among pregnant women have been documented [Review of studies with substantial heterogeneity among some of its outcomes] | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Other | Sheikh J, Lawson H, Allotey J on behalf of the PregCOV-19 Living Systematic Review Consortium, et alGlobal variations in the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its outcomes in pregnant women by geographical region and country’s income status: a meta-analysis. BMJ Global Health 2022;7:e010060 | |
Because the searchable COVID-END inventory is organized at the level of an evidence synthesis, we provide below an additional ‘way in’ to the evidence syntheses addressing drugs to prevent or treat COVID-19. Specifically, we summarize what’s known at the level of each individual molecule (e.g., corticosteroids, molnupiravir, tocilizumab), drawing on the first evidence synthesis in the table above.
| Broad and specific decisions | Criteria for 'best evidence synthesis' | Details to support relevance assessment | Additional decision-relevant details | Citation | ||||||
| Date of last search | Quality (AMSTAR) rating | Evidence-certainty (e.g., GRADE) assessment available | Key findings | Living evidence synthesis | Type of synthesis | Type of question | ||||
| Clinical management of COVID-19 and pandemic-related health issues | ||||||||||
| Prophylaxis for COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| Prophylaxis for COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| Drugs to prevent severe COVID-19 infection | 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Adintrevimab] In individuals exposed to COVID-19 infection, adintrevimab probably reduces the number of infections | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | ||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [ARGOVIT AgNPs] In people at risk of COVID-19, using ARGOVIT AgNPs may reduce laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections; no data is available for other outcomes | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Bamlinivimab] Bamlinivimab probably decreases the incidence of symptomatic infection among exposed individuals | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab] In people at risk of COVID-19, using bamlanivimab may slightly reduce laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and it may make little or no different in mortality | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2022-04-27 | 11/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab] Using mablanivimab in people with undefined or potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2 probably decreases infection within 30 days, and it may make little or no difference in mortality; it may slightly increase the frequency of serious adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Hirsch C, Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Chai KL, Estcourt LJ, Monsef I, et al. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022;(5):CD014945 | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Bromhexine hydrochloride] Using bromhexine in individuals that have been exposed to COVID-19 may reduce symptomatic infections, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Casirivimab + imdevimab] In people at risk of COVID-19, using casirivimab + imdevimab may reduce suspected, probable and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, and it probably does not have an effect on mortality or hospitalization; it probably does not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of the treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Casirivimab + imdevimab)] Using REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab) in exposed asymptomatic individuals reduces symptomatic infections | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-04-27 | 11/11 | Yes | [Casirivimab + imdevimab] Using casirivimab-imdevimab in people with undefined or potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2 may substantially decrease infection, and the development of symptoms within 6 months, while it may increase the frequency of all-grade adverse events; used as a post-exposure prophylaxis, casirivimab + imdevimab decreases infection and the development of symptoms, while it may make little or no difference in mortality and hospital admissions | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Hirsch C, Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Chai KL, Estcourt LJ, Monsef I, et al. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022;(5):CD014945 | |||
| 2020-09-21 | 4/9 | No | [Chloroquine] No evidence has been found on the effects of chloroquine as a prophylactic treatment to prevent COVID-19 | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Hernandez AV, Roman YM, Pasupuleti V, Barboza JJ, White CM. Update alert 3: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for the treatment or prophylaxis of COVID-19. Annals of Internal Medicine 2020:L20-1257. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Cilgavimab + tixagevimab] In people at risk of COVID-19, using cilgavimab + tixagevimab may reduce suspected, probable, or laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, and it may not have an effect on mortality | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Cilgavimab + tixagevimab] Using tixagevimab-cilgavimab in exposed asymptomatic individuals probably reduces symptomatic infections and it may not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-04-27 | 11/11 | Yes | [Cilgavimab + tixagevimab] Using tixagevimab-cilgavimab in people with undefined or potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2 probably decrease infection, and it decreases the development of symptoms within 6 months, while it may make little or no difference in mortality; it may not increase serious adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Hirsch C, Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Chai KL, Estcourt LJ, Monsef I, et al. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022;(5):CD014945 | |||
| N/A (Protocol) | n/a | Yes | [Convalescent plasma] A review evaluating the effects of using convalescent plasma to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 is currently being conducted | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Protocol | Benefits and harms | Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Kimber C, Chai KL, Doree C, Wood EM, et al. Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin to prevent infection with SARS‐CoV‐2. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;CD013802. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Hydroxychloroquine] Adding prophylactic hydroxychloroquine to standard care does not have an important effect on mortality, hospitalization, and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and it does not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of the treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Hydroxychloroquine] Using hydroxychloroquine as a prophylaxis strategy probably slightly reduces secondary COVID-19 cases, it may not have an effect on hospitalizations, and probably increases the risk of adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Preventative treatments: Hydroxychloroquine vs placebo. COVID NMA; 2020. | |||
| 2020-09-21 | 4/9 | No | [Hydroxychloroquine] No evidence has been found on the effects of chloroquine as a prophylactic treatment to prevent COVID-19 | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Hernandez AV, Roman YM, Pasupuleti V, Barboza JJ, White CM. Update alert 3: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for the treatment or prophylaxis of COVID-19. Annals of Internal Medicine 2020:L20-1257. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Hydroxychloroquine] Hydroxychloroquine may not have an effect on reducing the risk of infection and hospitalizations in individuals exposed to COVID-19 | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Hydroxychloroquine + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine] In people at risk of COVID-19, using hydroxychloroquine + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine may not have an effect on hospitalization and it probably slightly increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of the treatment; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| N/A (Protocol) | n/a | Yes | [Hyperimmune immunoglobulin] A review evaluating the effects of using hyperimmune immunoglobulin to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 is currently being conducted | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Protocol | Benefits and harms | Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Kimber C, Chai KL, Doree C, Wood EM, et al. Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin to prevent infection with SARS‐CoV‐2. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;CD013802. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Iota-carrageenan] In people at risk of COVID-19, using iota-carrageenan may not have an effect on mortality and it probably does not have an effect on hospitalization; it may also slightly increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of the treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Ivermectin] In people at risk of COVID-19, using ivermectin may have little or no impact on admission to hospital, while it may not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of the treatment; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Ivermectin + iota-carrageenan] The effects of using ivermectin with iota-carrageenan as a prophylactic treatment for COVID-19 are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2022-04-01 | 11/11 | Yes | [Ivermectin] In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, ivermectin may make little or no difference in patient condition and non-serious adverse events, while its effects on other outcomes are uncertain; in COVID-19 outpatients, ivermectin does not make a difference on quality of life, it probably makes little or no difference on mortality, and it may make little or no difference on patients condition and adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Popp M, Stegemann M, Metzendorf MI, Gould S, Kranke P, Meybohm P. Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022;(6):CD015017. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Melatonin] In people at risk of COVID-19, using melatonin may not have an effect on laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and hospitalizations, and it probably does not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of the treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Molnupiravir] Using molnupiravir in individuals exposed to COVID-19 may not have an effect on the risk of getting infected | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Niclosamide (nasal)] In individuals exposed to COVID-19 infections, nasal niclosamide may not reduce the number of infections | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Povidone iodine] In people at risk of COVID-19, using povidone iodine may not have an effect on hospitalizations, and it may slightly increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of the treatment; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine] In people at risk of COVID-19, using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine probably does not have an effect on hospitalizations, and it may increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of the treatment; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Vitamin C] In people at risk of COVID-19, using vitamin C may not have an effect on hospitalizations, and it may slightly increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of the treatment; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2022-03-03 | 10/11 | Yes | [Vitamin C + zinc] In people at risk of COVID-19, using vitamin C + zinc may not have an effect on hospitalizations, and it probably increases adverse events leading to discontinuation of the treatment; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Bartoszko JJ, Siemieniuk RAC, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, Ge L, et al. Prophylaxis for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis. The BMJ. 2021;373(8290);n949. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Vitamin D] Using vitamin D in exposed asymptomatic individuals probably does not reduces symptomatic infections | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| N/A (Protocol) | n/a | No | [Protocol - results not yet available] A review evaluating the effectiveness and safety of chemoprophylaxis for COVID-19 is currently being conducted | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Protocol | Benefits and harms | Wang Y, Li B, Zi H, Ma L, Zhao MJ, Huang Q, et al. Effectiveness and safety of chemoprophylaxis for COVID-19: A living systematic review and meta-analysis. PROSPERO. 2020; CRD42020190210 | |||
| Clinical treatment of COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| Drugs to treat COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| Anti-virals | 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | No | [Baloxavir marboxil vs favipiravir] The effects of baloxavir marboxil compared with favipravir are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Favipiravir vs Baloxavir Marboxil. COVID NMA; 2020. | ||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Cenicriviroc] Usinv cenicriviroc to treat COVID-19 patients may reduce mortality, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | No | [Darunavir/cobicistat] The effects of adding darunavir/cobicistat to standard care are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Darunavir/Cobicistat vs Standard Care. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Emtricitabine/tenofovir] Using emtricitabine/tenofovir to treat COVID-19 patients may not reduce mortality and it may decrease mechanical ventilation; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Ensitrelvir] Using ensitrelvir to treat COVID-19 patients may make little or no difference in hospitalization or death and it probably increases viral negative conversion; it probably increases the risk of any adverse event | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Ensitrelvir vs Placebo. 2022 | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Favipiravir] In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, favipiravir probably makes little or no difference in mortality and disease progression, it may not have an effect on clinical improvement, and may increase viral negative conversion while its safety outcomes are uncertain; in COVID-19 outpatients, favipiravir probably makes little or no difference in mortality, clinical improvement, hospitalization or death and viral negative conversion, while it probably does not increase severe adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Favipiravir vs standard care. 2022. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Favipiravir] Using favipiravir does not have an effect on symptom resolution among COVID-19 patients, while it may increase mortality, mechanical ventilation and hospitalizations | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Favipiravir vs umifenovir] The benefits of favipiravir compared with umifenovir are uncertain while it may reduce adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Favipiravir vs Umifenovir. COVID NMA; 2020 | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Lopinavir + ritonavir] Lopinavir + ritonavir may not reduce mortality and mechanical ventilation, and it may not have an effect on other patient clinical outcomes; it probably increases adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | No | [Lopinavir + ritonavir] Adding lopinavir + ritonavir to novaferon and standard care in moderate or severely ill people may increase the viral negative conversion but effects for other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Novaferon + Lopinavir + Ritonavir vs Novaferon. COVID NMA; 2020 | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Lopinavir + ritonavir] In hospitalized patients, adding lopinavir + ritonavir to standard care probably makes little or no difference on mortality, clinical improvement and viral negative conversion, it may not have a substantial effect on disease progression, whereas it may increase adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Lopinavir + Ritonavir vs Standard Care. COVID NMA; 2020 | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Lopinavir + ritonavir] Using lopinavir + ritonavir probably does not reduce mortality and may not increase the severe adverse events in COVID-19 patients | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Lopinavir + ritonavir vs hydroxychloroquine] Compared to hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir + ritonavir may slightly increase viral negative conversion, while it probably slightly increases the serious adverse events; the effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Lopinavir-Ritonavir vs Hydroxychloroquine. 2021. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | No | [Lopinavir + ritonavir vs novaferon] The effects of lopinavir + ritinoavir compared to novaferon are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Novaferon vs Lopinavir + Ritonavir. COVID NMA; 2020. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Lopinavir + ritonavir vs umifenovir] Among hospitalized patients, umifenovir may reduce adverse events compared with lopinavir + ritonavir, and its effects on other clinical outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Lopinavir + Ritonavir vs Umifenovir. 2020. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Molnupiravir] In COVID-19 outpatients, molnupiravir probably slightly reduces mortality and hospitalization or death, while it may increase clinical improvement; it probably does not increase serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Molnupiravir vs placebo. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Molnupiravir] Using molnupiravir to treat COVID-19 patients probably has no important effect on hospitalizations while it probably increases symptom resolution; it may not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Molnupiravir] Molnupiravir may not have an effect on most patients outcome, while it does not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment; its effects on mortality or mechanical ventilation are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir] Using nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in recent onset patients with mild to moderate disease probably reduces hospitalization, and it probably does not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir] Using nirmatrelvir/ritonavir to treat COVID-19 outpatients probably reduces the risk of hospitaliation or death while it probably does not increase the risk of serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID-NMA. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir vs Placebo. 2022 | |||
| 2022-06-11 | 10/10 | Yes | [Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir] Using nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in unvaccinated, non-hospitalized patients with mild COVID-19 disease may reduce mortality and hospital admissions, while it may not increase serious adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Reis S, Metzendorf M-I, Kuehn R, Popp M, Gagyor I, Kranke P, Meybohm P, Skoetz N, Weibel S. Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022 (9): CD015395 | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Remdesivir] Remdesivir may slightly reduce mortality and mechanical ventilation, and it probably does not have an effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation; it does not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2023-03-10 | 10/11 | Yes | [Remdesivir] In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, remdesivir probably makes little or no difference in mortality at 28 days, it may slightly increase clinical improvement, it may reduce disease progression, and it may not increase the incidence of any adverse event; in outpatients, remdesivir probably makes little or no difference in mortality, it probably reduces hospitalization or death, while it probably does not increase the frequency of severe adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Remdesivir vs standard care/placebo. 2020. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Remdesivir] Using remdesivir for five days compared to 10 days may slightly decrease disease progression, and it may not increase the frequency of serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Remdesivir 5 days vs Remdesivir 10 days. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Remdesivir] Using remdesivir may not have an important effect on mortality, and it may reduce the need for invasive ventilation, and it may improve time to symptom resolution | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Oral remdesivir (vv116) vs nirmatrelvir/ritonavir] Oral remdesivir has similar effects to nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in symptom resolution, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-05-31 | 10/11 | Yes | [Remdesivir] Remdesivir probably has little or no difference on mortality and it probably increases clinical improvement, while it may not increase the risk of serious adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Grundeis F, Ansems K, Dahms K, Thieme V, Metzendorf M-I, Skoetz N, Benstoem C, Mikolajewska A, Griesel M, Fichtner F, Stegemann M. Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023, 1 (CD014962) | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Ribavirin + interferon-b-1b] The effects of adding ribavarin and interferon-b-1b to liponavir + ritonavir are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Lopinavir + Ritonavir + Ribavirin + Interferon-b-1b vs Lopinavir + Ritonavir. COVID NMA; 2020 | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Sofosbuvir] Antihepacivirals (including sofosbuvir/daclatasvir, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, sofosbuvir/ravidasvir and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir) may reduce mechanical ventilation and they may have no effect on duration of hospitalization and duration of mechanical ventilation; they do not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Sofosbuvir] Using sofosbuvir alone or in combination with daclatasvir, ledipasvir, velpatasvir, or ravidasvir may not have an effect on mortality or mechanical ventilation, whereas it probably does not affect time to symptom resolution | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir] The effects of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir vs Standard care. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Tenofovir + emtricitabine] The effects of tenofovir + emtricitabine to treat COVID-19 patients are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Tenofovir + emtricitabine] Using tenofovir + emtricitabine to treat COVID-19 outpatients may not have an effect on hospitalization or death, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Tenofovir + Emtricitabine vs Standard care. 2022. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Umifenovir] The benefits of adding umifenovir to standard care in hospitalized patients are uncertain, while it may slightly increase adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Umifenovir vs Standard Care. COVID NMA; 2020 | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Umifenovir vs favipiravir] See comparison under favipiravir vs umifenovir | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Favipiravir vs Umifenovir. COVID NMA; 2020 | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Umifenovir vs lopinavir + ritonavir] See comparison under lopinavir + ritonavir vs umifenovir | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Lopinavir + Ritonavir vs Umifenovir. 2020. | |||
| 2020-07-05 | 5/9 | No | A systematic review on the cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatments for pandemics found no articles on COVID-19, but modelling studies showed that antivirals may be a cost-effective strategy either as a single intervention or as part of a multifaceted strategy | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Dawoud DM & Soliman KY. Cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatments for pandemics and outbreaks of respiratory illnesses, including COVID-19: A systematic review of published economic evaluations. Value in Health. 2020;23(11):1409-1422. | |||
| Other antimicrobials | 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Azithromycin] Azithromycin may not have an effect on mortality, mechanical ventilation, and duration of hospitalization, while it may not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | ||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Azithromycin] Azithromycin probably does not reduce mortality and mechanical ventilation, and does not improve time to symptom resolution among COVID-19 patients | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Azithromycin] The effects of adding azithromycin to hydroxychloroquine therapy in hospitalized patients are uncertain, and it may even slightly increase serious adverse events; it may slightly reduce viral negative conversion in mild outpatients | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin vs Hydroxychloroquine. 2020. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Azithromycin + hydroxychloroquine] In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, azithromycin + hydroxychloroquine may not have an effect on clinical improvement and disease progression, while it may lead to an increase in adverse events; among mild outpatients, it may not have an effect on viral negative conversion and hospitalization or death | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Hydroxychloroquine vs Azithromycin. 2020. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Chloroquine vs hydroxychloroquine] The effects of hydroxychloroquine compared to chloroquine are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Hydroxychloroquine vs Chloroquine. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Doxycycline] Doxycycline does not increase symptom resolution and clinical improvement, and it may not reduce hospitalizations | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Hydroxychloroquine] Hydroxychloroquine probably increases mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation, while it may not have an effect on the duration of hospitalization; it may also increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Hydroxychloroquine] Using hydroxychloroquine probably increases mortality, and it probably does not have an effect on invasive mechanical ventilation and time to symptom resolution among COVID-19 patients | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Hydroxychloroquine vs ivermectin] The benefits of using hydroxychloroquine or ivermectin in hospitalized COVID-19 patients are uncertain, and the risk of adverse events may be similar | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Ivermectin vs hydroxychloroquine. 2021. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin] See comparison under azithromycin + hydroxychloroquine | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Hydroxychloroquine vs Azithromycin. 2020. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Hydroxychloroquine vs lopinavir + ritonavir] See comparison under anti-virals/lopinavir + ritonavir vs hydroxychloroquine | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Lopinavir-Ritonavir vs Hydroxychloroquine. 2021. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Hydroxychloroquine + ribavirin] See comparison under anti-virals/ribavirin + hydroxychloroquine | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Hydroxychloroquine+Ribavirin vs Standard care. 2021. | |||
| 2022-02-28 | 10/11 | Yes | [Ivermectin] In mild outpatients or hospitalized patients, adding ivermectin to standard care may have no important effect on mortality at 28 days, clinical improvement, and disease progression; in outpatients, it may not increase the risk of serious adverse events and probably does not increase the risk of any adverse event | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Ivermectin vs standard care/placebo. 2020. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Ivermectin] Ivermectin may reduce mortality, and it may not have an effect on length of hospital stay and time to symptom resolution; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain, while it probably does not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Ivermectin] Ivermectin probably does not have an effect on mortality, time to symptom resolution, and hospitalizations, while it probably does not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-05-26 | 11/11 | Yes | [Ivermectin] Ivermectin may have little or no benefit in clinical improvement and duration of hospitalization among moderate to severe COVID-19 patients, whereas it may have little or no benefit in symptom resolution among COVID-19 outpatients; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Popp M, Stegemann M, Metzendorf MI, Gould S, Kranke P, Meybohm P. Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;(7):CD015017. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Ivermectin vs hydroxychloroquine] See comparison under hydroxychloroquine vs ivermectin | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Ivermectin vs hydroxychloroquine. 2021. | |||
| 2022-02-28 | 10/11 | Yes | [Colchicine] In hospitalized patients, colchicine probably makes little or no difference in mortality at 28 days and clinical improvement, while it may slightly reduce disease progression and it may increase adverse events; in outpatients, it may make little or no difference in mortality and hospitalization or death, while it probably does not increase serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Colchicine vs Standard Care. 2020. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Colchicine] Colchicine may not reduce mortality and it may reduce the need for mechanical ventilation; it may also increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Colchicine] Using colchicine in recently diagnosed COVID-19 patients probably does not reduce mortality, hospitalizations, mechanical ventilation and time to symptom resolution | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-05-21 | 11/11 | Yes | [Colchicine] In hospitalized patients, using colchicine probably makes little or no difference in mortality, mechanical ventilation and clinical improvement; among non-hospitalized patients, it may not have an effect on mortality, it probably slightly reduces admission to hospital or death and probably does not increase serious adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Mikolajewska A, Fischer AL, Piechotta V, Mueller A, Metzendorf MI, Becker M, et al. Colchicine for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021;(10):Art. No.: CD015045. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015045. | |||
| N/A (Protocol) | n/a | No | [Protocol - results not yet available] A systematic review on the effectiveness of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is currently being conducted | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Protocol | Benefits and harms | Urrea G, Meza N, Vargas M, Ortiz L, Rada G, Madrid E. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Patients with COVID-19: a Living Systematic Review Protocol. PROSPERO 2020; CRD42020179594. | |||
| Kinase inhibitors | 2020-12-30 | 5/9 | No | [Acalabrutinib] The effects of using BTK inhibitors (including acalabrutinib) for severe COVID-19 are currently uncertain [Review of mainly observational studies of low to moderate quality] | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Stack M, Sacco K, Castagnoli R, Livinski AA, Notarangelo LD, Lionakis MS. BTK inhibitors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A systematic review. Research Square. 2021. | ||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Baricitinib] JAK inhibitors reduce mortality and probably reduce mechanical ventilation, while they do not have an effect on duration of hospitalization and duration of mechanical ventilation; they do not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Baricitinib] Using baricitinib in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease reduces mortality, it probably reduces mechanical ventilation requirements and time to symptom resolution, and it probably does not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Baricitinib] Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, using baricitinib probably reduces mortality and disease progression, while it slightly increases clinical improvement; it probably does not increase serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Baricitinib vs Placebo. 2021. | |||
| 2020-12-30 | 5/9 | No | [Ibrutinib] The effects of using BTK inhibitors (including ibrutinib) for severe COVID-19 are currently uncertain [Review of mainly observational studies of low to moderate quality] | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Stack M, Sacco K, Castagnoli R, Livinski AA, Notarangelo LD, Lionakis MS. BTK inhibitors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A systematic review. Research Square. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Imatinib] Using imatinib to treat COVID-19 patients may reduce mortality while it may not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [CIGB-325] The effects of using CIGB-325 are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. CIGB-325 vs standard care. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Opaganib] Using opaganib to treat COVID-19 patients may not reduce mortality and mechanical ventilation, while it may increase symptom resolution and improvement; it may not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Pacritinib] Using pacritinib to treat COVID-19 patients may not have an effect on symptom resolution or clinical improvement, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | No | [Ruxolitinib vs vitamin C] The effects of ruxolitinib compared with vitamin C are uncertain, although further research is warranted since one very small study appeared to demonstrate a benefit for ruxolitinib for the outcomes of mortality and clinical improvement | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Ruxolitinib vs Vitamin C. COVID NMA; 2020. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Ruxolitinib] JAK inhibitors reduce mortality and probably reduce mechanical ventilation, while they do not have an effect on duration of hospitalization and duration of mechanical ventilation; they do not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Ruxolitinib] In patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease, ruxolitinib may reduce mortality, and it probably have little or no effect on symptom resolution | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Tofacitinib] Tofacitinib may increase symptom resolution or improvement, while it may increase severe adverse events in hospitalized and severe COVID-19 patients | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Tofacitinib] Using tofacitinib in hospitalized patients may slightly reduce mortality, and it may slightly increase clinical improvement, while it may also slightly increase severe adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Tofacitinib vs Placebo. COVID NMA; 2021. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Tofacitinib] JAK inhibitors reduce mortality and probably reduce mechanical ventilation, while they do not have an effect on duration of hospitalization and duration of mechanical ventilation; they do not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| Corticosteroids | 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Budesonide] Budesonide may reduce hospitalization or death among mild COVID-19 outpatients; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Budesonide vs standard care. 2021. | ||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Ciclesonide] In COVID-19 outpatients, ciclesonide may make little or no difference in hospitalization or death while it may slightly increase serious adverse events; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Ciclesonide vs Standard care/Placebo. 2021. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Corticosteroids] Adding corticosteroids to standard care among hospitalized COVID-19 patients probably reduces mortality, while it increases clinical improvement, and it may decrease disease progression; it probably slightly increases the frequency of adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Corticosteroids vs standard care/placebo. 2021. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Corticosteroids] Systemic corticosteroids (including dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and methylprednisolone + prednisolone) probably reduce mortality and may reduce mechanical ventilation, while they may not have an effect on duration of hospitalization and duration of mechanical ventilation; no data has been reported for adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Corticosteroids + IL6 receptor antagonist] Systemic corticosteroids (including dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and methylprednisolone + prednisolone) with IL6 receptor antagonists reduce mortality and probably reduce mechanical ventilation, while it may not have an effect on duration of hospitalization and duration of mechanical ventilation; no data has been reported for adverse events leading to discontinuation | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Corticosteroids] Low- or moderate-dose treatment with corticosteroids reduces mortality and probably reduces the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in severe COVID-19 patients, while higher-doses are probably not more effective than standard-dose schemes; they may not increase the risk of severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-01-06 | 11/11 | Yes | [Corticosteroids] Using corticosteroids probably reduces 30-days mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, while its effects on long-term mortality are uncertain; the effects on other outcomes (including adverse events) are uncertain as well as the most effective dosage and timing | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Wagner C, Griesel M, Mikolajewska A, Metzendorf M-I, Fischer A-L, Stegemann M, Spagl M, Nair AAnil, Daniel J, Fichtner F, Skoetz N. Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19: Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022 (11): CD014963 | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Dexamethasone low vs high dose] Compared to high-dose dexamethasone, using low-dose dexamethasone may slightly reduce mortality, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Dexamethasone High Dose vs Dexamethasone Low Dose. 2022. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Inhaled corticosteroids] Using inhaled corticosteroids may improve time to symptom resolution, but they probably do not have an important effect on hospitalizations; but their effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Abatacept] Using abatacept to treat COVID-19 patients may reduce mortality, while it may noty increase serious adverse events; its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Adintrevimab] Using adintrevimab in COVID-19 patients may reduce hospitalizations and may not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| Biologics | 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Amubarvimab + romlusevimab] Using amubarvimab + romlusevimab to treat early-onset COVID-19 patients probably reduces hospitalizations and probably does not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | ||
| 2020-06-20 | 10/11 | Yes | [Anakinra] The effects of using anakinra are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Kim MS, An MH, Kim WJ, Hwang TH. Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine. 2020;17(12):e1003501. | |||
| 2021-01-07 | 9/11 | Yes | [Anakinra] The effects of anakinra for COVID-19 patients are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Khan F, Stewart I, Fabbri L, Moss S, Robinson K, Smyth AR, et al. A systematic review of Anakinra, Sarilumab, Siltuximab with meta-analysis of Tocilizumab for Covid-19. Thorax. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Anakinra] Using anakinra to treat non-severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients may not increase severe adverse events, while its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Anakinra] In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, anakinra may make little or no difference in mortality, while it probably slightly reduces disease progression and increases clinical improvement; it may not increase serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Anakinra vs standard care. 2021. | |||
| 2021-05-13 | 6/9 | Yes | [APN01] The effects of APN01 cannot yet be assessed; upcoming studies are expected to be published soon | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | EUnetHTA Rolling Collaborative Review (RCR09) Authoring Team. APN01 for the treatment of COVID- 19. Diemen (The Netherlands): EUnetHTA; 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Avdoralimab] Using avdoralimab in COVID-19 patients may not have an effect on mortality, and it may increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab] In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, bamlanivimab may make little or no difference in mortality, clinical improvement, and disease progression, while it may not increase the risk of serious adverse events; in COVID-19 outpatients, it may slightly reduce the risk of hospitalization or death, and it may slightly increase clinical improvement, while it may not increase the risk of serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) vs Placebo. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab] Using bamlanivimab probably decreases hospitalizations in patients with COVID-19, and its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-06-17 | 11/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab] Bamlanivimab may decrease hospital admissions and may not increase adverse events among non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients; in hospitalized patients, it may not have an effect on duration of hospitalization and its effects on mortality are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Kreuzberger N, Hirsch C, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Valk SJ, Estcourt LJ, et al. SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021. | |||
| 2021-07-21 | 11/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab] Bamlanivimab may reduce the risk of hospitalization, but does not appear to have an impact on mortality among severe patients, whereas its safety outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Díaz Martinez JP, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, et al. Antibody and cellular therapies for treatment of covid-19: A living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021;374:n2231. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab + etesevimab] In mild outpatients, bamlanivimab + etesevimab probably slightly reduces mortality and hospitalization or death, it may increase clinical improvement and it probably increases viral negative conversion; it probably does not increase serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. LY-CoV555+LY-CoV016 vs placebo. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab + etesevimab] Bamlanivimab + etesevimab probably reduces hospitalizations in patients with COVID-19, while its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-06-17 | 11/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab + etesevimab] Among non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, bamlanivimab + etesevimab may decrease mortality and hospital admissions; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Kreuzberger N, Hirsch C, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Valk SJ, Estcourt LJ, et al. SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021. | |||
| 2021-07-21 | 11/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab + etesevimab] Bamlanivimab + etesevimab may reduce the risk of hospitalization, but does not appear to have an impact on mortality among severe patients, whereas its safety outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Díaz Martinez JP, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, et al. Antibody and cellular therapies for treatment of covid-19: A living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021;374:n2231. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Bamlanivimab + etesevimab vs casirivimab/imdevimab] Using bamlanivimab + etesevimab or casirivimab/imdevimab may make little or no difference in hospitalization or death, while the effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. LY-CoV555+LY-CoV016 vs REGN-COV2. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [RBD-specific polyclonal F(ab')2 fragments of equine antibodies] The effects of using INM005 in COVID-19 patients are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [BIO 101] Using BIO 101 to treat COVID-19 patients may reduce symptom resolution while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Canakinumab] The effects of canakinumab to treat COVID-19 patients is currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Canakinumab] Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, canakinumab may slightly reduce mortality and disease progression, while it probably slightly increases clinical improvement; it may not increase the risk of severe adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Canakinumab vs Placebo. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 10/11 | Yes | [CD24Fc] In patients with severe COVID-19, CD24Fc (soluble CD24 appended to heavy chains 2 and 3 of human immunoglobulin G1) may reduce mechanical ventilation and increase symptom resolution; its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 10/11 | Yes | [Cilgavimab + tixagevimab] Using cilgavimab + tixagevimab to treat COVID-19 patients probably reduces mortality and hospitalizations | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 10/11 | Yes | [Clazakizumab] In patients with severe or critical COVID-19, using clazakizumab may reduce mechanical ventilation and it may improve time to symptom resolution; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Etesevimab] Compared to bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) alone, adding etesevimab (LY-CoV016) to bamlanivimab in COVID-19 outpatients may have slight benefits for viral negative conversion, and it probably does not increase serious adverse events; the effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. LY-CoV555 vs LY-CoV555+LY-CoV016. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Infliximab] Using infliximab to treat COVID-19 patients may reduce mortality, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Inferferon β-1a] The effects of using interferon β-1a to treat COVID-19 patients are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Interferon β vs standard care/placebo. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Interferon β-1a] Using interferon β-1a probably has no effect on mortality and invasive ventilation and time to clinical improvement | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Interferon β-1b + rivabirin] See comparison under anti-virals/ribavirin +interferon-b-1b + lopinavir + ritonavir vs lopinavir + ritonavir | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Lopinavir + Ritonavir + Ribavirin + Interferon-b-1b vs Lopinavir + Ritonavir. COVID NMA; 2020 | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Interferon β-1b] Interferon β-1b may not reduce mortality and mechanical ventilation, and it may not have an effect in other patient clinical outcomes, while it probably does not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Interferon gamma] The effects of adding interferon gamma to a interferon α-2b therapy are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Interferon α-2b + Interferon gamma+ vs Interferon α-2b. 2020. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Itolizumab] The effects of adding itolizumab to standard care are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Itolizumab vs standard care. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Gimsilumab] Using gimsilumab to treat COVID-19 patients may not reduce mortality and symptom resolution, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Lenzilumab] Using lenzilumab may reduce mortality and invasive ventilation rates in severe COVID-19 patients | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Levilimab] Levilimab may improve time to symptom resolution in COVID-19 patients, and its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Levilimab] Interleukin-6 inhibitors (including tocilizumab, sarilumab, siltuximab and levilimab) probably make little or no difference on mortality and duration of hospitalization, while they probably reduce mechanical ventilation and they may not have an effect on duration of mechanical ventilation; they do not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2020-07-01 | 7/11 | No | [Meplazumab] One systematic review comparing several immunomodulatory agents for managing COVID-19 infection concluded that meplazumab is probably not beneficial | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Talaie H, Hosseini SM, Nazari M, et al. Is there any potential management against COVID-19? A systematic review and meta-analysis [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 18]. Daru. 2020;1-13. doi:10.1007/s40199-020-00367-4 | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Meplazumab] Using meplazumab to treat COVID-19 patients may not increase symptom resolution, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | No | [Novaferon] The effects of adding novaferon to lopinavir + ritonavir are uncertain although one small study found a benefit for novaferon and lopinavir +ritonavir for increasing viral clearance | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Novaferon + Lopinavir + Ritonavir vs Lopinavir + Ritonavir. COVID NMA; 2020 | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | No | [Novaferon vs lopinavir + ritonavir] See comparison under anti-virals/lopinavir + ritonavir vs novaferon | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Novaferon vs Lopinavir + Ritonavir. COVID NMA; 2020. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Otilimab] In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, otilimab may slightly reduce mortality, while it may make little or no difference in clinical improvement and serious adverse events; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Otilimab vs placebo. 2022. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Peginterferon lambda-1] The benefits of using peginterferon lamda-1 in mild COVID-19 outpatients are currently uncertain, while it may not increase serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Peginterferon Lambda-1 vs placebo. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 10/11 | Yes | [Peg-interferon lambda] Using peginterferon lambda to treat COVID-19 patients may not have an important effect on hospitalizations, while it may not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Ravulizumab] Using ravulizumab to treat COVID-19 patients may not have an effect on mortality, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Recombinant super-compound interferon(RSIFN-co)] The effects of RSIFN-co compared to IFN-alpha are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. rSIFN-co vs IFN-alpha. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Regdanvimab] Using regdanvimab may improve time to symptom resolution, but its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-06-17 | 11/11 | Yes | [Regdanvimab] Among non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, regdanvimab may reduce a combined measure that includes both hospital admissions (which is the more common of the two outcomes) and death (while having no direct effect on mortality alone), and it may increase the risk of serious adverse events; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Kreuzberger N, Hirsch C, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Valk SJ, Estcourt LJ, et al. SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Regdanvimab] Using regdanvimab to treat COVID-19 outpatients probably makes little or no difference in mortality, it probably reduces the risk of hospitalization or death, and it may increase viral negative conversion; it probably does not increase the risk of serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Regdanvimab vs placebo. 2022 | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [REGEN-COV] REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab) may reduce mortality and mechanical ventilation, while it may improve time to symptom resolution among COVID-19 patients with severe to critical disease; in patients with mild recent COVID-19 onset, it probably reduces hospitalizations and probably improve time to symptom resolution, without increasing severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-06-17 | 11/11 | Yes | [REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab)] Casirimab + imdevimab may substantially reduce a combined measure that includes both hospital admissions (which is the more common of the two outcomes) and death (while having no direct effect on mortality alone), while its safety and effects on other outcomes are uncertain among non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients; in hospitalized patients, it probably has little to no effect on mortality, clinical progressions and duration of hospitalization | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Kreuzberger N, Hirsch C, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Valk SJ, Estcourt LJ, et al. SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021. | |||
| 2021-07-21 | 11/11 | Yes | [REGEN-COV] REGEN-COV (casirimab + imdevimab) may reduce the risk of mortality in severe COVID-19 patients with detectable antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, but does not appear to have an impact on mortality among severe patients; it probably reduces the risk of hospitalization, whereas its safety outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Díaz Martinez JP, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, et al. Antibody and cellular therapies for treatment of covid-19: A living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021;374:n2231. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [REGEN-COV2] In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, REGEN-COV2 (casirimab + imdevimab) probably slightly reduces mortality and increases clinical improvement, it may slightly reduce disease progression, while no information on safety outcomes is available; in outpatients, it may slightly reduce hospitalization or death and it may not increase serious adverse events, while its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. REGN-COV2 vs placebo. 2020. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Sarilumab] Using sarilumab for hospitalized COVID-19 patients probably makes little or no difference in clinical improvement, while it may slightly increase serious adverse events; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Sarilumab vs standard care. 2020. | |||
| 2021-01-07 | 9/11 | Yes | [Sarilumab] The effects of sarilumab for COVID-19 patients are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Khan F, Stewart I, Fabbri L, Moss S, Robinson K, Smyth AR, et al. A systematic review of Anakinra, Sarilumab, Siltuximab with meta-analysis of Tocilizumab for Covid-19. Thorax. 2020. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Sarilumab] Interleukin-6 inhibitors (including tocilizumab, sarilumab, siltuximab and levilimab) probably make little or no difference on mortality and duration of hospitalization, while they probably reduce mechanical ventilation and they may not have an effect on duration of mechanical ventilation; they do not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2021-02-26 | 9/11 | Yes | [Sarilumab] Compared to standard care, sarilumab may make little or no difference in mortality, and time to clinical improvement, while probably does not increase adverse events in severe and critical patients | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Ghosn L, Chaimani A, Evrenoglou T, Davidson M, Graña C, Schmucker C, et al. Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: A living systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Sarilumab] Using sarilumab to treat severe COVID-19 patients may not reduce mortality and mechanical ventilation, while it probably does not improve time to symptom resolution; it probably does not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-01-07 | 9/11 | Yes | [Siltuximab] The effects of siltuximab for COVID-19 patients are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Khan F, Stewart I, Fabbri L, Moss S, Robinson K, Smyth AR, et al. A systematic review of Anakinra, Sarilumab, Siltuximab with meta-analysis of Tocilizumab for Covid-19. Thorax. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Siltuximab] The effects of siltuximab for COVID-19 patients are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Siltuximab] Interleukin-6 inhibitors (including tocilizumab, sarilumab, siltuximab and levilimab) probably make little or no difference on mortality and duration of hospitalization, while they probably reduce mechanical ventilation and they may not have an effect on duration of mechanical ventilation; they do not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Tocilizumab] Interleukin-6 inhibitors (including tocilizumab, sarilumab, siltuximab and levilimab) probably make little or no difference on mortality and duration of hospitalization, while they probably reduce mechanical ventilation and they may not have an effect on duration of mechanical ventilation; they do not increase adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Tocilizumab] Among hospitalized patients, tocilizumab slightly reduces mortality at 28 days, it probably slightly increases the incidence of clinical improvement, and it may slightly reduce disease progression; it probably makes little or no difference in the incidence of adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Tocilizumab vs standard care/placebo. 2021. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Tocilizumab vs dexamethasone] See comparison under corticosteroids/ dexamethasone vs tocilizumab | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Tocilizumab vs Dexamethasone. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Sotrovimab] In patients with mild COVID-19 patients, sotrovimab probably reduces hospitalization and improves time to symptom resolution without increasing severe adverse events, and its intramuscular and intravenous routes of administration may have similar effects | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-06-17 | 11/11 | Yes | [Sotrovimab] Among non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, sotrovimab may substantially reduce oxygen requirement and a combined measure that includes both hospital admissions (which is the more common of the two outcomes) and death (while having no direct effect on mortality alone), while it may not increase serious adverse events; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Kreuzberger N, Hirsch C, Chai KL, Piechotta V, Valk SJ, Estcourt LJ, et al. SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021. | |||
| 2021-07-21 | 11/11 | Yes | [Sotrovimab] Sotrovimab may reduce the risk of hospitalization, but does not appear to have an impact on mortality among severe patients, whereas its safety outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Díaz Martinez JP, Kum E, Qasim A, Zeraatkar D, et al. Antibody and cellular therapies for treatment of covid-19: A living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021;374:n2231. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Sotrovimab] Among COVID-19 hospitalized patients, sotrovimab may not have an effect on mortality and disease progression, it probably slightly increases clinical improvement and it may substantially increase serious adverse events; in outpatients, it probably does not have an effect on mortality, it probably reduces the risk of hospitalization or death, and it probably does not increase serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Sotrovimab vs Placebo. 2021. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Sotrovimab vs casirivimab + imdevimab] Using sotrovimab or casirivimab + imdevimab to treat COVID-19 outpatients may make little or no difference in hospitalizzation or death; its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Sotrovimab vs Casirivimab+Imdevimab (REGN-COV2). 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Tocilizumab] Using tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19 disease reduces mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation, whereas it does not importantly increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-02-04 | 9/11 | No | [Tocilizumab] Tocilizumab reduces the risk of mechanical ventilation, probably reduces the risk of secondary infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and has uncertain effects on mortality | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Tleyjeh IM, Kashour Z, Riaz M, Hassett L, Veiga VC, Kashour T. Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients: A living systematic review and meta-analysis: First update. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2021. Epub ahead of print. | |||
| 2021-02-26 | 9/11 | Yes | [Tocilizumab] Compared to standard care, tocilizumab slightly reduces 28-day mortality, may not have an effect on 60-day mortality, probably may slightly increase clinical improvement and it probably does not increase serious adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Ghosn L, Chaimani A, Evrenoglou T, Davidson M, Graña C, Schmucker C, et al. Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19: A living systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Vilobelimab] Using vilobelimab in patients with severe or critical COVID-19 disease probably reduces mortality, while it probably does not importantly increase severe adverse events; its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Vilobelimab] Using vilobelimab in hospitalized COVID-19 patients probably reduces mortality and it probably increases clinical improvement, while it may not increase serious adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Vilobelimab vs placebo/standard care. 2022. | |||
| Others | 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [a-Lipoic acid] It is uncertain whether a-Lipoic acid has any differential effects compared with placebo due to very low certainty evidence | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | a-Lipoic Acid vs Placebo. COVID NMA; 2020 | ||
| 2020-07-31 | 6/6 | Yes | [ACE inhibitors and ARB] No evidence was found evaluating the effects of using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers for COVID-19 treatment | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Meza N, Pérez-Bracchiglione J, Pérez I, Carvajal C, Ortiz-Muñoz L, Olguín P, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers for COVID-19: A living systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Medwave. 2021;21(2):e8105. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Aspirin] Among COVID-19 patients, aspirin probably does not have an effect on mortality or mechanical ventilation, and it probably does not increase symptom resolution or clinical improvement | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Auxora] The effects of using auxora in hospitalized COVID-19 patients are currently uncertain, while it may not increase severe adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Auxora vs standard care. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Avipdatil] Using aviptadil to treat COVID-19 patients may have little or no differece on mortality, symptom resolution, while it may not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [AZD1656] Using AZD1656 to treat COVID-19 patients may improve time to symptom resolution while its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Inhaled bicarbonate] Using inhaled bicarbonate to treat COVID-19 patients may reduce mortality and may make little or no difference in hospitalizations; its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Camostat] Using camostat to treat COVID-19 patients may not reduce time to symptom resolution, while its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Camostat mesilate] In COVID-19 hospitalized patients, camostat mesilate may make little or no difference in mortality, clinical improvement and disease progression, while it may not increase adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Camostat Mesilate vs Placebo. 2021. | |||
| 2020-04-23 | 5/6 | Yes | [Cell-based therapies] No evidence was found on the effects of cell-based therapies for COVID-19 | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Rada G, Corbalan J, Rojas P. Cell-based therapies for COVID-19: A living systematic review. Medwave. 2020;20(11):e8079. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Colony-stimulating factor] Adding recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to standard care may reduce mortality and increase adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor vs standard care. 2020. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [C1 esterase inhibitor] The effects of adding C1 esterase/kallikrein inhibitor to standard care are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. C1 Esterase/Kallikrein inhibitor vs standard care. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Dapagliflozin] In hospitalized COVID-19 patients with cardiometabolic risk factors, dapagliflozin may reduce mortality, but probably does not improve symptom resolution | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Dimethyl sulfoxide (DSMO)] The effects of using DSMO to treat COVID-19 patients are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [DFV890] Using DFV890 to treat COVID-19 patients may improve time to symptom resolution while its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Empaglifozin] Using empaglifozin to treat COVID-19 patients probably does not have an effect on mortality, mechanical ventilation and symptom resolution | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2020-09-20 | 8/11 | Yes | [Famotidine] The effects of famotidine for COVID-19 patients are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Sethia R, Prasad M, Jagannath S, Nischal N, Soneja M, Garg P, et al. Efficacy of Famotidine for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. medRxiv. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Famotidine] The effects of famotidine for COVID-19 patients are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Fenofibrate] The benefits of using fenofibrate to treat COVID-19 patients are currently uncertain; it may not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Fluvoxamine] Among COVID-19 patients with mild disease, fluvoxamine probably does not have an effect on hospitalizations and symptom resolution, while it may not increase adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Fluvoxamine] Using fluvoxamine among COVID-19 outpatients may slightly reduce mortality; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Fluvoxamine vs placebo. 2020. | |||
| 2022-02-01 | 10/10 | Yes | [Fluvoxamine] Using fluvoxamine among COVID-19 mild outpatients may slightly reduce mortality and hospitalization or death; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Nyirenda JLZ, Sofroniou M, Toews I, Mikolajewska A, Lehane C, Monsef I, Abu-taha A, Maun A, Stegemann M, Schmucker C. Fluvoxamine for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022 (9): CD015391 | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Hesperidin] Hesperidin may not have an effect on symptom resolution among COVID-19 patients, and its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Icatibant] Using icatibant to treat COVID-19 patients may not reduce mortality, and its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Leflunomide] Using leflunomide to treat COVID-19 patients may increase severe adverse events, while its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Losartan] Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, losartan may not increase clinical improvement at 28 days; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Losartan vs Standard care/Placebo. 2021 | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Melatonin] The effects of using melatonin to treat COVID-19 patients are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Nafamostat] In COVID-19 hospitalized patients, nafamostat may slightly reduce mortality and it may increase adverse events; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Nafamostat vs Standard care. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [P2Y12 inhibitors] Using PSY12 inhibitors in combination with full or prophylactic dose anticoagulants may reduce mortality and it may not have an effect on time to symptom resolution; it may also increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Proxalutamide] Using proxalutamide may reduce mortality, mechanical ventilation, and may improve time to symptom resolution in COVID-19 patients | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Quercetin] The effects of using quercetin to treat COVID-19 patients are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Sabizabulin] The effects of using sabizabulin to treat COVID-19 patients are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Sargramostim] Using sargramostim to treat COVID-19 hospitalized patients may make little or no difference in clinical improvement and it may not increase adverse events; its effects on other outcomes are currently uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Sargramostim vs Standard care. 2022. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Senicapoc] The effects of using senicapoc to treat COVID-19 patients are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Sentinox] The effects of using sentinox to treat COVID-19 patients are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-05-11 | 6/9 | Yes | [Solnative] The effects of solnatide cannot yet be assessed; upcoming studies are expected to be published soon | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | EUnetHTA Rolling Collaborative Review (RCR06) Authoring Team. Solnatide for the treatment of COVID-19. Diemen (The Netherlands): EUnetHTA; 2021 | |||
| 2020-07-27 | 7/10 | No | [Statins] Statins have shown to reduce fatal or severe disease in COVID-19 patients [Review of observational studies of unclear quality] | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Kow CS & Hasan SS. Meta-analysis of effect of statins in patients with COVID-19. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2020. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Statins] Using statins to treat COVID-19 patients probably reduces mortality and mechanic ventilation, while it may not increase symptom resolution; it may also increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Stem cells] In hospitalized patients, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell infusion may slightly increase the incidence of clinical improvement, and it may not increase adverse events; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell infusion vs standard care/placebo. 2020. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Vitamin C] Vitamin C may make little or no difference on length of hospital stay, while its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Vitamin C] Using vitamin C to treat COVID-19 patients may reduce mortality and it may increase symptom resolution and improvement | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Vitamin D] The effects of using vitamin D are uncertain and it may increase adverse events | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Vitamin D vs standard care/placebo. 2020. | |||
| 2022-03-22 | 10/11 | Yes | [Vitamin D] Vitamin D probably does not have an effect on duration of hospitalization while it may reduce mechanical ventilation; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Siemieniuk R, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E, et al. Update to living systematic review on drug treatments for covid-19. BMJ. 2021;370:m2980. | |||
| 2021-03-11 | 9/10 | Yes | [Vitamin D] Vitamin D may reduce the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in moderate to severe patients; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Stroehlein JK, Wallqvist J, Iannizzi C, Mikolajewska A, Metzendorf MI, Benstoem C, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID-19: A living systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Rev.iews 2021;5:CD015043. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Vitamin D] Using vitamin D to treat COVID-19 patients does not reduce symptomatic infections and hospitalizations; its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Zinc] The effects of adding zinc to hydroxychloroquine therapy are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Hydroxychloroquine+Zinc vs Hydroxychloroquine. 2020. | |||
| Other treatments for COVID-19 | 2022-03-30 | 8/11 | No | [Mesenchymal stromal cells] Using mesenchymal stromal cells may be effective to treat COVID-19 without increasing adverse events [Review of studies with variable quality and important heterogeneity for some of its outcomes] | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Full review | Benefits and harms | Kirkham, A. M., Bailey, A. J., Shorr, R., Lalu, M. M., Fergusson, D. A., & Allan, D. S. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of mesenchymal stromal cells to treat COVID-19: Is it too late?. Cytotherapy. | ||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Mesenchymal stem cells] Using mesenchymal stem cells to treat severe to critical COVID-19 patients probably reduce mortality, it may increase symntom resolution and clinical improvement, while it may not increase severe adverse events | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2021-04-20 | 5/10 | No | [Nitric oxide] Among severe/critical COVID-19 patients, evidence has shown a slight increase in oxygenation in patients receiving nitric oxide, but no effect on mortality has been reported [Review of mainly observational studies of unclear quality] | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | Prakash A, Kaur S, Kaur C, Prabha PK, Bhatacharya A, Sarma P, et al. Efficacy and safety of inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of severe/critical COVID-19 patients: A systematic review. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2021;53(3):236-243. | |||
| 2022-12-14 | 10/11 | Yes | [Photobiomodulation therapy] Using photobiomodulation therapy may reduce mortality; the effects on other outcomes are uncertain | No | Full review | Benefits and harms | COVID NMA. Photobiomodulation therapy vs Standard care/Placebo. 2021. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [Probiotics] Using probiotics to treat COVID-19 patients may improve time to symptom resolution, whereas its effects on other outcomes are uncertain | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| 2023-11-30 | 7/11 | Yes | [TRV-027] Using TRV-027 to treat COVID-19 patients may not have an effect on mortality | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-12-31) | Rapid review | Benefits and harms | Pan American Health Organization. Ongoing Living Update of COVID-19 Therapeutic Options: Summary of Evidence. Rapid Review, 30 November 2023. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization. 2023. | |||
| N/A (Protocol) | n/a | Yes | [Protocol - results not yet available] A review evaluating pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with COVID-19 is currently being conducted | Yes (row content last checked on 2023-11-05) | Protocol | Other | Pardo SA, Lai S, Ortiz-Munoz L, Bravo-Jeria R, Verdugo-Paiva F, Rada G, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation for COVID-19: A living systematic review protocol. Medwave. 2021;21(6):e8224. | |||
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